Brief Overview of the Anti-Lynching Crusade Movement

The Anti-lynching movement was one of many civil rights movements established in the United States. The purpose of the movement was to end lynching of African-American men and women. The movement was comprised mainly of African-American men and women who worked in a variety of ways to end the practice. Origins of Lynching Following the passing of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments, African-Americans were considered full citizens of the United States. As they sought to build businesses and homes that would help establish communities, white supremacist organizations sought to repress African-American communities. With the establishment of Jim Crow laws prohibiting African-Americans from being able to participate in all aspects of American life, white supremacists had destroyed their enfranchisement. And to destroy any means of success and oppress a community, lynching was used to create fear. Establishment Although there is no clear founding date of the anti-lynching movement, it peaked around the 1890s. The earliest and most reliable record of lynching were found in 1882 with 3,446 victims being African-American men and women. Almost concurrently, African-American newspapers began  publishing news articles and editorials to show their outrage at these acts. For instance, Ida B. Wells-Barnett expressed her outrage in the pages of Free Speech a paper she published out of Memphis. When her offices where burned in retaliation for her investigative journalism, Wells-Barnett continued to work from New York City, publishing A Red Record. James Weldon Johnson wrote about lynching in the New York Age. Later as a leader in the NAACP, he organized silent protests against the actions--hopeing to bring national attention. Walter White, also a leader in the NAACP, used his light complextion to gather research in the South about lynching. The publication of this news article bought national attention to the issue and as a result, several organizations were established to fight against lynching. Organizations The anti-lynching movement was spearheaded by organizations such as the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), the National Association of Colored People (NAACP), the Council for Interracial Cooperation (CIC) as well as the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL). By using education, legal action, as well as news publications, these organizations worked to end lynching. Ida B. Wells-Barnett worked with both the NACW and NAACP to establish anti-lynching legislation. Women such as Angelina Weld Grimke and Georgia Douglass Johnson, both writers, used poetry and other literary forms to expose the horrors of lynching. White women joined in the fight against lynching in the 1920s and 1930s. Women such as Jessie Daniel Ames and others worked through the CIC and ASWPL to end the practice of lynching. The writer, Lillian Smith wrote a novel entitled Strange Fruit in 1944. Smith followed up with a collection of essays entitled Killer of Dreams in which she bought the arguments established by the ASWPL to the national forefront. Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill African-American women, working through the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), were among the first to protest lynching. During the 1920s, the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill became the first anti-lynching bill to be voted on by the Senate. Although the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill ultimately did not become a law, its supporters did not feel they had failed. The attention made citizens of the United States condemn lynching. In addition, money raised to enact this bill was given to the NAACP by Mary Talbert. The NAACP used this money to sponosor its federal antilynching bill that was proposed in the 1930s.

Social And Psychological Needs For Clean Drinking Water

Humans are complex beings because unlike animals, we need more than just food and water to survive. Most living creatures depend on food and water to meet their fundamental needs for survival. Likewise, humans also require these basic needs, but we also have large egos that need to be satisfied. As privileged members of a well-developed society, we do not see how fortunate we are to have easy access to unlimited amounts of fresh clean water. All of our basic needs are easily met, so the focus for most of us is to fulfil our social and psychological needs. Can you imagine the women and children lined up at the verge of dehydration, burning in the hot African sun for clean drinking water? Did you feel pity for the helpless population, desperately in need of an essential? Would you feel that same pity for the helpless crowds in first world countries trying to be socially accepted? Whatever the answer may be, we have become paralyzed, paralyzed by the desire to be wanted. In this way, we become very self-centred because, while the literal thirst for people in developing nations is a major issue of concern, the thirst for social acceptance in our westernized world seems to be the primary focus of our society. Therefore, the sense of belonging is now becoming more destructive than dehydration. To begin with, one of the most vital and influential time of one’s life is during their school years as it is the portal to finding one’s identity. My first few days of gradeShow MoreRelatedThe Failure Of Sanitation Intervention1260 Words   |  6 Pagesbetter than non-sanitation for reducing contagious diseases, which refers to Relative Advantage. Compatibility could be the most influential factor for the failure, because sanitation is not compatible with the intended users’ perceived needs or value that boiled water is only served for sick people. The complexity is not a great issue in this case since the sanitation methods in this intervention are easy to adopt. 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Business Ethics of Google in China Free Essays

string(84) " expanded into many other countries and now hosts over 150 country website domains\." â€Å"The Great Firewall† Prepared by Kristina Wilson, Yaneli Ramos, and Daniel Harvey under the supervision of Professor Wayne Norman (edited by Professor Chris MacDonald) In early 2006, search-engine giant Google struck a deal with the People’s Republic of China and launched Google. cn, a version of its search engine run by the company from within China. Launching Google. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics of Google in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now cn required Google to operate as an official Internet Service Provider (ISP) in China, a country whose Communist government requires all ISPs to selfcensor, removing content that is considered illegal from search results. From a financial perspective, China represented for Google a dynamic and fast-growing, though increasingly competitive, market. Google’s decision to self-censor Google. cn attracted significant ethical criticism at the time. The company’s motto is â€Å"Don’t Be Evil,† and prior to entering China, Google had successfully set itself apart from other technology giants, becoming a company trusted by millions of users to protect and store their personal information.The choice to accept self-censorship, and the discussion and debate generated by this choice, forced Google to re-examine itself as a company and forced the international community to reconsider the implications of censorship. This case was prepared as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either the effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution – Noncommercial – No Derivative Works 3. 0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3. /. You may reproduce this work for non-commercial use if you use the entire document and attribute the source: The Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University. Case Studies in Ethics dukeethics. org â€Å"While removing search results is inconsistent with Google’s mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission. † – Google senior policy counsel Andrew McLaughlin. †1 Introduction In early 2006, search-engine giant Google struck a deal with the People’s Republic of China and launched Google. n, a version of its search engine run by the company from within China. Launching Google. cn required Google to operate as an of? cial Internet Service Provider (ISP) in China, a country whose Communist government requires all ISPs to self-censor, removing content that is considered illegal from search results. Such censored content ranges from political subjects such as â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"Tibet,† to religious subjects such as â€Å"Falun Gong† (a spiritual movement banned by the government) and â€Å"the Dalai Lama,† to social subjects like â€Å"pornography. By choosing to launch Google. cn, Google seemed to be implying that its mission and values could be consistent with selfcensorship in China. From a ? nancial perspective, China represented for Google a dynamic and fast-growing, though increasingly competitive, market. With over 105 million users online in early 2006, China’s Internet market was the second in size only to that of the United States, but it still represented only about 8% of the Chinese population. Though Google’s U. S. -based site, Google. om, had been available in China since the site’s inception in 1999, service was slow and unreliable due to extensive Chinese government censoring of international content. Google’s major U. S. competitors, Yahoo! and Microsoft MSN, had each entered the Chinese market as ISPs years earlier, agreeing to self-censor. In addition, escalating competition from Chinese search engine Baidu. com was quickly eroding Google. com’s Chinese market share: between 2002 and 2007, Baidu. com’s market share increased from a mere 3%2 to a dominant 58%. Google’s decision to self-censor Google. cn attracted signi? cant ethical criticism at the time. The company’s motto is â€Å"Don’t Be Evil,† and prior to entering China, Google had successfully set itself apart from other technology giants, becoming a company trusted by millions of users to protect and store their personal information. However, in early 2006, Google found itself in front of the Committee on International Relations of the U. S. House of Representatives, defending its actions in China side by side with Microsoft, Yahoo! , and Cisco Systems.Google’s choice to accept self-censorship, and the discussion and debate generated by this choice, forced Google to reexamine itself as a company and forced the international community to reconsider the implications of censorship. Google and its Mission History and Services4 Google is the world’s largest search engine. Founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two Stanford graduate students, Google began as a college research project. While at Stanford, the founders created an innovative technology that would analyze webpages and retrieve the most pertinent information for any given search query. 2 3 4 Oliver, C Shinal, J. â€Å"Google will censor new China service†. MarketWatch. (January 25, 2006). Thopmpson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine (April 23, 2006): LexisNexis. Duke University Library. 6 Nov. 2007. Liu, J. â€Å"Baidu and Google at logger heads in China; Business Asia by Bloomberg†. International Herald Tribune (July 26, 2007): LexisNexis Duke University Library. 6 Nov. 2007. â€Å"Milestones†. Available from www. google. com. Accessed on November 4, 2007. Case Studies in Ethics 2 ukeethics. org Their innovation caught the attention of their classmates, and of others who knew them, and later on of a few investors. After they generated suf? cient capital from investors, family, and friends who saw potential in their idea, they opened their ? rst of? ce in a garage in Menlo Park, California. This of? ce had a washer and dryer and a hot tub that was emblematic of what today continues to be Google’s laid-back corporate culture. Now the company has moved into the â€Å"Googleplex,† a much larger of? ce in Mountain View, California. As the company grew, so did its range of products and services. Today, not only is Google a search engine, but it is also a mapping service, a translator, an e-mail account, and a blog-hosting service, among many other services. In fact, Google now has over 40 products and features on its website which extend beyond its basic search engine, with many more in development. The company has also expanded into many other countries and now hosts over 150 country website domains. You read "Business Ethics of Google in China" in category "Papers" It is continually growing and expanding and has a solid position as the world’s #1 search engine.It was also named the best company to work for in 2007 by Fortune magazine. Corporate Culture5 Even though their company has expanded considerably, Larry Page and Sergey Brin have apparently managed to maintain some of the same personal, small-company feel that they started off with. Likewise, despite the company’s move into the Googleplex, it still seems to have kept a corporate culture that re? ects its modest beginnings. Employees do not work in cubicles; instead they work in an open space where dogs and large rubber exercise balls are free to roam.They have a health-conscious company chef and host bi-weekly rollerblade hockey games in the parking lot. The founders host weekly â€Å"TGIF† meetings and promote a laid-back culture. The purpose of this is to create an ideal setting for innovative ideas to ? ow freely. The informal atmosphere makes this possible. Google’s internal structure is a standard corporate hierarchy, yet personnel try not to let hierarchy dominate their personal encounters. Everyone performs tasks outside of their specialty and position whenever needed.Core Values and Mission6 Google’s mission statement asserts that â€Å"Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. †7 The core message under the company’s code of conduct is that â€Å"being a Googler means holding yourself to the highest possible standard of ethical business conduct. †8 The company wants to be able to save its users time and frustration by making the information that the user is looking for readily available, without having to sift through tons of useless information.Not only does Google want to provide fast and ef? cient service, but the company also wants to make its information available for everyone who has access to the internet; they want their product to be â€Å"universally accessible. † Also, the company claims not to want to make ethical sacri? ces just in order to incre ase value for shareholders. The company has made it a priority not to sell high placement in search results to anyone and to show only non-? ashy ads that are relevant to the user’s search query. 5 6 7 8 â€Å"The Google Culture†.Available from www. google. com. Accessed on Nov. 4, 2007. â€Å"Our Philosophy†. Available from www. google. com. Accessed on Nov. 4, 2007. â€Å"Company Overview†. Available from www. google. com. Accessed on Nov. 4, 2007. â€Å"Google Code of Conduct†. Available from www. google. com. Accessed on Nov. 4, 2007. Case Studies in Ethics 3 dukeethics. org China, Censorship, and the Golden Shield Project History China has been playing a game of catch-up in recent years, attempting to modernize and become a larger player in the global market.As it attempted, and eventually succeeded in, entering the World Trade Organization, China was forced to open its markets to foreign companies, granting â€Å"unprecedented access to the Chinese market. †9 During this period of increased foreign access, companies within China started demanding more advanced telecommunications, as well as modern infrastructure. The Chinese government agreed that modernization was necessary, and so quickly began to ? nance this modernization, making the nation one of â€Å"the world’s largest consumers of telecommunications equipment. 10 However, China’s acquisition of more modern forms of information technology leads not only to increased trade and communication ? ow out of the country, but into the country as well. The ? ow of information into the country is what concerns China’s Ministry of Public Service (hereafter referred to as MPS), whose responsibility statement says: The responsibilities of public security agencies in China include: the prevention, suppression and investigation of criminal activities; ? ght against terrorist activities; maintenance of social security and order; ? ght against behaviors jeopardizing social order . . security and inspection of public information networks. 11 These responsibilities include policing the expression of certain ideas and the acquisiti on of sensitive information. As Collings notes, In February 1996, all private subscribers to Chinanet, the main Internet service provider, run by the state telecommunications monopoly, were required to register with the Public Security Bureau, provide the government with detailed personal information about themselves, and sign a pledge not to â€Å"read, copy or disseminate information that threatens state security. . . . In addition to the state-run Chinanet, all Internet service providers were required to take steps to ? lter out anything deemed harmful. 12 As part of their effort to keep up with the more advanced information networks being put in place, â€Å"Chinese authorities are keen to acquire new technologies that will serve to increase their surveillance capabilities. †13 As the new millennium began, the MPS started to implement these new technologies in its censorship activities, using them to restrict access to ideas and information that are outlawed in China.The Golden Shield Project In early 2000, the MPS introduced its new system, the Golden Shield project, which aimed to use state-of-the-art technology as a means of more effectively policing the Chinese people. Although this technology is used to monitor everything from video to voice to Internet traf? c, controlling the ? ow of information over the Internet is the focus of this case. 9 Foreign Policy in Focus. http://www. fpif. org/briefs/vol4/v4n38china. html. Walton, G. (2001). China’s Golden Shield: Corporations and the Development of Surveillance Technology in the People’s Republic of China.Canada: Rights and Democracy. Online: http://www. dd-rd. ca/site/_PDF/publications/globalization/CGS_ENG. PDF 11 Chinese Government’s Of? cial Web Portal. http://www. gov. cn/english/2005-10/02/content_74192. htm. 12 Collings, A. Words of Fire. (New York: New York University Press, 2001). 187. 13 Walton, G. (2001). China’s Golden Shield: Corporations and the Development of Surveillance Technology in the People’s Republic of China. Canada: Rights and Democracy. 10 Case Studies in Ethics 4 dukeethics. org To control the information ? owing over the Internet, the MPS has installed, not ? ewalls exactly,14 but a content? ltering system that works similarly to parental control systems that can block out speci? c material. A story in The New York Times Magazine describes the system this way: There are three main ? ber-optic pipelines in China, giant underground cables that provide Internet access for the public and connect China to the rest of the Internet outside its borders. The Chinese government requires the private-sector companies that run these ? ber-optic networks to specially con? gure â€Å"router† switches at the edge of the network, where signals cross into foreign countries.These routers – some of which are made by Cisco Systems, an American ? rm – serve as China’s new censors. 15 Once the â€Å"? rewall† checks to see if the sites being searched are blacklisted or not, it next utilizes a â€Å"censorship system that uses a keyword blacklist and routers that reach deep into Internet traf? c to ? nd forbidden words or phrases†16 on the sites being searched. This, combined with the fact that those in China know that all of their Internet activities are being monitored, instills fear of imprisonment and limits the in? ux of information that the Chinese government ? ds objectionable. 17 However, the system still only blocks out information coming from outside the country. Peer-to-peer and internal servers are able to avoid the ? lters. Controversy has arisen because the Chinese government’s system fails to prevent access to all content they deem inappropriate. To tighten the net further, and prevent Chinese Internet users from accessing prohibited subject matter available on servers within the country, China has asked providers of Internet services with local out? ts to remove contentious material and to censor their own customers.Additionally, â€Å"[f]or companies inside its borders, the government uses a broad array of penalties and threats to keep content clean. †18 This is required of textmessaging services, search engines, and blogging sites and provides the ultimate way for the Chinese government to block content within the country without having to create more dif? cult-to-implement censorship systems. 19 Backing up all of these censorship mechanisms is the constant threat of imprisonment or other hostile reaction to violations of the censorship laws.This fear keeps both Internet users and se rvice providers vigilant in censoring their own actions within China. In some cases, Internet users even get very pointed reminders that their government is exercising control over their Web-sur? ng habits. Consider the following of? cial announcement: Starting today, when netizens visit all the main portals of Shenzhen city, Guangdong, they will see two cartoon ? gures â€Å"Junghing† and â€Å"Chacha† (Jing Cha = Police). The image of Shenzhen Internet Police will of? cially be online.From now on, when netizens visit websites and web forums of Shenzhen, they will see these two cartoon police images ? oating on their screen20 (see Appendix III). 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Einhorn, B. â€Å"The Great Firewall of China†. BusinessWeek. (September 23, 2002): LexisNexis. Duke University Library. 3 Nov. 2007. Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). â€Å"Toppling the Great Firewall of China. † eWeek. (September 12, 2007): NA. Academic OneFile. Gale. Duke University Library – Perkins. 3 Nov. 2007.Ibid. Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). Einhorn, B Elgin, B. â€Å"THE GREAT FIREWALL OF CHINA; How a vast security network and compliant multinationals keep the mainland’s Net under Beijing’s thumb†. BusinessWeek. (January. 23, 2006): LexisNexis. Duke University Library. 3 Nov. 2007. Qiang, X. â€Å"Image of Internet police: JingJing and Chacha online – Hong Yan ( )†. chinadigitaltimes. net. (January 22, 2006). Case Studies in Ethics 5 dukeethics. org Google’s Decision to Launch Google. n The Internet Market in China According to Google’s 2006 projections, the Chinese internet market was expected to grow from 105 million users to 250 million users by 2010. Moreover, in early 2006 there were already 350 million mobile phones in use in China and that number was projected to grow by about 57 million annually. 21 Before choosing to launch Google. cn, Google was already a player in this Chinese market. Since the site’s inception in 1999, U. S. -based Google. com had been available to Chinese users as it had been to users worldwide.Unlike its major U. S. competitors, though, Google did not rush to set up a China-based version of its search engine, and thus to acquiesce to government censorship regulations, as had Yahoo! in 1999, when it established Yahoo! China,22 and Microsoft in 2005, with its establishment of MSN China. 23 Unlike its competitors, Google chose instead to create a version of its search engine capable of understanding character-based languages like Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, which it would run out of its California headquarters. With this U. S. based version of Google. com, the company was able to control an estimated 25% of the Chinese search market by 2002 and to avoid Chinese government censorship completely. 24 By the year 2002, Google. com’s Chinese user base mainly consisted of white collar, pro-Western Chinese businesspeople. 25 However, in the fall of 2002, problems struck. Suddenly, in early September, computer users in China could not access Google. com. The Chinese government had blocked access to the site, and users were instead diverted to rival Chinese search sites. 6 Two weeks later, it again became possible to access Google. com, but government censorship had been heightened, making the search engine far slower and less reliable. 27 Much speculation exists as to why China suddenly chose to shut down and then to stringently censor Google. com. Google Co-founder Sergey Brin and many technology professionals in China believe it was the result of an effort by a Chinese competitor, like the then-new search engine Baidu. com, to gain market share at Google’s expense through pulling strings in the government. 8 The stoppage could also have been due to heightened Internet security in anticipation of a November 2002 shift in political leadership. 29 Whatever the cause, Google was left offering users in China a slow and less-than-satisfactory version of Google. com. Moreover, Baidu. com, now Google’s chief rival in China, began to grow, blossoming from a 3% market share player in 200230 to a 63. 7% market share player in fall 2006, catering in large part to young users looking to download MP3 ? les. 31 Concurrently, Google dropped its market share from 25% in 2002 to 19. % in 2006. 32 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. , â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Amnesty International. â€Å"Undermining Freedom of Expression in China: The role of Yahoo! , Microsoft, and Google†. (July 2006). Kerner, S. M. â€Å"MSN China Opens its Doors†. InternetNews. com. (May 27, 2005). Thompson, C. Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). Ibid The New York Times. â€Å"Beijing Blocks Access to Google†. NYT Late Edition, East Coast. (September 4, 2002). Kahn, J. â€Å"China Seems to Re? ne Bid to Restrict Web Access. † The New York Times. (September 14, 2002). Thompson, C. Kahn, J. â€Å"China Seems to Re? ne Bid to Restrict Web Access. † The New York Times. (September 14, 2002). Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem). † The New York Times Magazine (April 23, 2006): LexisNexis. Duke University Library. 6 Nov. 2007. Thompson, C. Fong, Mei. â€Å"Google Builds China ties; Software ? rm deal is part of a move into other services. † The Wall Street Journal. (January 5, 2007). Case Studies in Ethics 6 dukeethics. org Making the Decision to Expand into China Given the commercial potential of the expanding Chinese market and Google’s decrease in Chinese market share between 2002 and 2006, it was imperative for Google to make decisions about whether to escalate operations in China at the price of having to self-censor.To begin the discussion, Google had to make the business opportunity clear. The case was put this way, in February 2006, by Elliot Schrage, Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. : There is no question that, as a matter of business, we want to be active in China. It is a huge, rapidly growing, and enormously important market, and our key competitors are already there. It would be disingenuous to say that we don’t care about that because, of course, we do. We are a business with stockholders, and we want to prosper and grow in a highly competitive world. 3 However, since expanding into China would require Google to self-censor its content on behalf of the communist Chinese government, clearly more was at stake in this decision than potential commercial gain. Co-founder Sergey Brin was born in the Soviet Union and said that â€Å"having felt that kind of oppression, I would never have wanted to compromise in that direction. †34 In order to analyze the potential options, Google developed an analytical framework based on its corporate mission.In the words of Vice President Elliot Schrage: Google’s objective is to make the world’s information accessible to everyone, everywhere, all the time. It is a mission that expresses two fundamental commitments: (a) First, our business commitment to satisfy the interests of users, and by doing so to build a leading company in a highly competitive industry; and (b) Second, our policy conviction that expanding access to information to anyone who wants it will make our world a better, more informed, and freer place. Some governments impose restrictions that make our mission dif? ult to achieve, and this is what we have encountered in China. In such a situation, we have to add to the balance a third fundamental commitment: (c) Be responsive to local conditions35 To understand Google’s decision, it is important to examine the nexus of user interests, the expansion of access to information, and unique local conditions in China. In terms of satisfying user interests, Google prides itself on providing a high-quality user experience. After the Chinese government’s 2002 Internet censorship crackdown, the Google. om experience for a user in China was no longer of high quality. Google. com generated search results extremely slowly because, regardless of the terms searched, each search had to pass through the elaborate â€Å"Great Firewall of China† censoring system. As a site hosted outside of China, and not within the Great Firewall itself, Google. com took a particularly long time to load search results, as compared to search engines hosted in-country like Baidu. com or Yahoo! China. Moreover, 33 34 35 Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Brin, Sergey, quoted by Hannah Clark. â€Å"The Google Guys in Davos. † Forbes. com. (January 1, 2007). Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. , â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Bold text included by Mr. Schrage.Case Studies in Ethics 7 dukeethics. org Chinese users found that Google. com was down over 10% of the time; Google News was never available; and Google Images was available only 50% of the time. 36 Another important concern related to user interests is the importance of user privacy. In early 2006, just as Google was planning to launch Google. cn, it became known that Yahoo! China had turned over private user e-mail data to the Chinese government and that this had led to the ten-year, eight-year, and four-year prison sentences of Chinese cyberdissidents Shi Tao, Li Zhi, and Jiang Lijun.In addition, Microsoft had recently shut down the blog of famous Chinese political blogger Michael Anti (a penname for Zhao Jing) at the request of the Chinese government. 37 Clearly any decision made by Google to enter China would have to take into account concerns about user privacy and government surveillance. In terms of expanding access to information, it was Google’s position that due to the poor quality of Google. com for users in China after 2002, Google was in fact not providing the population of China with good access to information. As Google, Inc. Senior Policy Council Andrew McLaughlin put it: Filtering our search results clearly compromises our mission. Failing to offer Google search at all to a ? fth of the world’s population, however, does so far more severely. Whether our critics agree with our decision or not, due to the severe quality problems faced by users trying to access Google. com from within China, this is precisely the choice we believed we faced. 38 Finally, in terms of local conditions, it was important for Google to determine to what extent self-censoring would affect the company’s search results.For users of Google. com in China, searches for censored subject matter, ranging from political subjects like â€Å"democracy† and â€Å"Tibet† to religious subjects like â€Å"Falun Gong† and â€Å"Dalai Lama† to social subjects like â€Å"pornography†, would generate the same list of links as would be generated for a user based in the United States. However, if the user in China tried to open any censored links, either the user’s browser would shut down or the user would be re-directed to a non-censored site.As noted earlier, the â€Å"Great Firewall of China† censorship system is complex and depends largely on intimidation and fear tactics to elicit vigorous self-censorship on both the corporate and the individual level. No of? cial list of banned terms exists. Before laun ching Google. cn, the company estimated that fewer than 2% of all search queries in China would result in pages that would have to be censored. 39 In early 2006, a study by the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School shed light on the extent and effectiveness of China’s censorship initiatives.According to the Center’s study, the Chinese state was able to block 90% of websites about the â€Å"Tiananmen massacre,† 31% of sites about independence movements in Tibet, and 82% of sites with a derogatory version of the name of former President Jiang Zemin. 40 This study serves to show that as of 2006, Chinese censorship was effective, though not total, and that information was available, though on a limited scale. 36 37 38 39 40 McLaughlin, A. Senior Policy Counsel, Google Inc. , â€Å"Google in China. † The Of? cial Google Blog. (January 27, 2006). Kristof, N. D. â€Å"China’s Cyberdissidents and the Yahoos at Yahoo†.The New York Times. (February 19, 2006) Kristof, N. D. â€Å"China’s Cyberdissidents and the Yahoos at Yahoo†. The New York Times. (February 19, 2006) Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. , â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Bold text included by Mr. Schrage. Kristof, N. D. â€Å"China’s Cyberdissidents and the Yahoos at Yahoo†. The New York Times. (February 19, 2006) Case Studies in Ethics 8 ukeethics. org Google’s Expansion into China After taking into account user interests, the expansion of access to information, and unique local conditions, Google decided to launch the self-censored Google. cn in January of 2006. In a move toward transparency that distinguishes it from competitors like Baidu. com, Yahoo! , and MSN, Google. cn provides users with a brief message indicating if any pages have been censored from their search results. The message does not inform users what speci? c pages have been censored; it simply lets them know that censorship has occurred. The Washington Post printed a list of the words and phrases that seem to be censored by Google. cn, reporting that these words are the result of Google’s research into what they needed to censor in order to fall under Chinese legal guidelines (see Appendix I). In addition to Google. cn, Google has kept Google. com available to users in China, despite its limited ease of use. Google describes Google. cn as â€Å"an additional service, not a replacement for Google. com in China. The Chineselanguage Google. com will remain open, un? ltered and available to all Internet users worldwide†. 1 To account for user privacy concerns and to avoid having to co-operate with Chinese government investigations of dissidents, as Yahoo! and Microsoft have done, Google chose to refrain from offering products such as Gmail and Blogger (its e-mail and blog services) for Google. cn’s initial release. Amid questions of whether Google would pressure the Chinese government to end its policy of censoring, Google CEO Eric Schmidt said, â€Å"I think it’s arrogant for us to walk into a country where we are just beginning operations and tell that country how to run itself. 42 Clearly, as of early 2006 Google had no plans to shake up the Chinese censorship system beyond making Google. cn censoring transparent to users. Google’s hiring of the extremely accomplished and well-known Kai-Fu Lee to head up Google. cn demonstrates the company’s hope for Google’s presence in the region. Having worked in high positions at Apple and Microsoft and having written a guide for Chinese university students about how to succeed in American business, Lee packs university auditoriums in China wherever he goes to speak. 43 In terms of Google. n’s future, Schmidt expects China to eventually become one of Google’s most important markets, though it only accounts for a small piece of Google’s overall revenue today. In addition, he expects Google’s China research centers to be major sources of innovation for Google, particularly due to the rich talent pool of software engineers coming from Chinese universities. 44 Fallout from Google’s Launching Google. cn Shortly after launching Google. cn in January 2006, Google was called in front of the U. S. House of Representative’s Committee on International Relations, along with fellow U.S. companies Microsoft, Yahoo! , and Cisco Systems, to testify before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations regarding business operations in China. 45 During the human rights hearing, James A. Leach, an Iowa Republican, asked Google Vice President Elliot Schrage to explain exactly how Google. cn self-censored. Schrage outlined how Google. cn studied competitors’ ? ltering 41 42 43 44 45 Schrage, E. , Vice President, Global Communications and Public Affairs, Google Inc. â€Å"Testimony of Google Inc. before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Paci? c, and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations. † (February 15, 2006). Bold text included by Mr. Schrage. Yardley, Jim. â€Å"Google Chief Rejects Putting Pressure on China†. The New York Times. (April 13, 2006) Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). Thompson, C. â€Å"Google’s China Problem (And China’s Google Problem)†. The New York Times Magazine. (April 23, 2006). Zeller, T. Web Firms Questioned on Dealings in China. † The New York Times. (Feb. 16, 2006). Case Studies in Ethics 9 dukeethics. org methods along with the Chinese government’s method to come up with its own self-censoring system. Leach replied, â€Å"So if this Congress wanted to learn how to censor, we’d go to you – the company that should symbolize the greatest freedom of information in the history of man? †46 Due to this hearing and others – and particularly in light of Yahoo! China and Microsoft MSN’s collusion with the Chinese government, which put three Chinese yberdissidents in jail in Yahoo! ’s case and which shut down a popular political bloggers MSN blog space in Microsoft’s case – in October 2007 the House Foreign Affairs Committee unanimously voted in favor of the Global Online Freedom Act of 2007, which prohibits U. S. companies from disclosing to foreign governments the names and information of speci? c individuals using a given company’s services. 47 The Committee has urged Congress to act with alacrity and pass the Act as s oon as possible. In addition to the U. S. government, Google had to explain its actions to its shareholders.In May 2007, a majority of Google shareholders voted against an anti-censorship proposal which was submitted by the Of? ce of the Comptroller of New York City on behalf of various New York City pension funds which own Google stock (see Appendix II for the full proposal). Google as a company, along with Google’s Board of Directors, recommended stockholders to vote against the proposal. In the words of David Drummond, Senior Vice President for Corporate Development, â€Å"Pulling out of China, shutting down Google. cn, is just not the right thing to do at this point, but that’s exactly what this proposal would do. 48 Google in China Two Years Later In the two years following the launch of Google. cn in January 2006, Google has done well in the Chinese market, remaining second only to Baidu. com in terms of market share. As of the second quarter of 2007, Google had increased its share from 19. 2% to 22. 8% and Baidu. com had fallen from a 63. 7% to a 58. 1% share. 49 In order to penetrate the China search market further, Google aims to make Google. cn as â€Å"Chinese† as possible, both by hiring Chinese employees and by partnering with Chinese technology ? rms.According to CEO Eric Schmidt, one of Google’s â€Å"big projects† during the year 2007 is to grant greater autonomy to Google’s local management in China. Google has tried to distinguish Google. cn as distinctly Chinese by adopting the local Chinese name of â€Å"Guge,† which roughly translates to â€Å"harvest song,† though this name choice has been widely mocked by Chinese users. Overall, Schmidt says, â€Å"As [Google] China gets more established, it will have its own voice, its own expression and, I think, its own look. †50 Already Google has established two research centers, one in Beijing and one in Shanghai. 1 Since launching Google. cn, the company has set up key partnerships with Chinese ? rms that should help Google increase its Chinese market share. In early 2007, Google. cn set up a partnership with China Mobile, the government-owned dominant mobile-phone carrier in China, to manage the ? rm’s mobile Internet search services. 52 Also in early 2007, Google. cn partnered with the Chinese music and video sharing YouTube-like site Xunlei. com. 53 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Ibid PEN American Center. â€Å"House Foreign Affairs Committee Unanimously Passes Global Online Freedom Act. † (October 23, 2007).Larkin, E. â€Å"Google Shareholders Vote Against Anti-Censorship Proposal†. PC World. (May 10, 2007). Litterick, D. â€Å"Google takes a byte out of the Chinese market†. The Daily Telegraph (London). (August 21, 2007). Dickie, M. â€Å"Google feels upbeat about China market†. Financial Times (London, England). (April 30, 2007) â€Å"Google Adds Local Partner. † Chinadaily. com. en. (August 21, 2007). Poon, T. â€Å"Google to Open Research Center in Shanghai†. The Wall Street Journal. (June 15, 2007). Barboza, D. â€Å"Google Makes Another Investment in the Internet in China†. The New York Times. (January 6, 2007).Barboza, D. â€Å"Google Makes Another Investment in the Internet in China†. The New York Times. (January 6, 2007). Case Studies in Ethics 10 dukeethics. org In April 2007, Google announced a deal with China Telecom, the world’s largest wireless telecommunications and broadband services provider. 54 Finally, in August 2007 Google. cn entered into a partnership with Tianya. com, a Chinese online community. 55 Overall, while Google. cn remains far behind Baidu. com, the company is optimistic. In the words of Schmidt, â€Å"We were late entering the Chinese market and we are catching up.Our investment is working and we will eventually be the leader. †56 54 55 56 Liu, John. â€Å"Google and China Telecom agree on Internet ad sales deal; Business Asia by Bloomberg†. The International Herald Tribune. (April 26, 2007). China Telecom Corporation Limited. http://www. chinatelecom-h. com/eng/corpinfo/overview. htm Accessed Nov. 2007. â€Å"Google Adds Local Partner. † Chinadaily. com. en. (Aug. 21, 2007). Dickie, M. â€Å"Google feels upbeat about China market†. Financial Times (London, England). (April 30, 2007) Case Studies in Ethics 11 dukeethics. org Appendix I: Blacklisted Words57 This is not an of? ial list. It was released by The Washington Post as a list of the words that Google censors on its google. cn site. Names of People Bao Tong Chen Yonglin Cui Yingjie Ding Jiaban Du Zhaoyong Gao Jingyun Gao Zhisheng He Jiadong He Weifang Hu Xingdou Hu Yuehua Hua Guofeng Huang Jingao Jiang Mianheng Jiang Yanyong Jiang Zemin Jiao Guobiao Jin Zhong Li Zhiying Liang Yuncai Liu Jianfeng Liu Junning Liu Xiabobo Nie Shubin Nie Shubin (repeated) Sun Dawu Wang Binyu Wang Lixiong Xu Zhiyong Yang Bin Yang Dongping Yu Jie Zhang Weiying Zhang Xingshu Zhang Zuhua Zhao Yan Zhou Qing Zhu Chenghu Zhu Wenhu 57From The Washington Post, February 18, 2006. Obscenities withheld. Case Studies in Ethics 12 dukeethics. org Zi Yang (in English) Ziyang (in Chinese) Ziyang (in English) zzy (in English, abbreviation for Zhao Ziyang) Chinese Politics 17th party congress Babaoshan Beat the Central Propaganda Department Blast the Central Propaganda Department Block the road and demand back pay Chief of the Finance Bureau Children of high of? cials China liberal (in English) Chinese Communist high of? ials Denounce the C entral Propaganda Department Down with the Central Propaganda Department Impeach Lin Zhao Memorial Award Patriots Alliance Patriots Alliance (abbreviated) Patriots Alliance Web Police chase after and kill police Pollution lawsuit Procedures for dismissing an of? cial Red Terror Set ? res to force people to relocate Sons of high of? cials The Central Propaganda Department is the AIDS of Chinese society Villagers ? ht with weapons Wang Anshi’s reform and the fall of the Northern Song dynasty Speci? c Issues and Events Buy corpses Cadres transferred from the military Cash? esta Cat abuse Changxin Coal Mountain China Youth Daily staff evaluation system Chinese orphanage Chinese Yangshen Yizhi Gong Demobilized soldiers transferred to other industries Dongyang Dongzhou Fetus soup Foot and mouth disease Case Studies in Ethics 13 dukeethics. orgFuzhou pig case Gaoxin Hospital High-speed train petition Hire a killer to murder one’s wife Honghai Bay Horseracing Jinxin Pharmaceut ical Kelemayi Linyi family planning Market access system Mascot Military wages No Friendlies Prosecutor committed suicide Pubu Ravine Shanwei government Suicide of deputy mayor Suicide of Kuerle mayor Swiss University of Finance Taishi village Top ten worst cities Wanzhou Weitan Zhang Chunxian welcomes upervision against corruption Falun Gong Terms related to the banned Falun Gong spiritual movement, including phrases from its â€Å"Nine Commentaries† manifesto against the Communist Party: Chinese Communist Party brutally kills people dajiyuan (in English) Defy the heavens, earth and nature. Mao Zedong Epoch Times Epoch Times (written with a different character) Epoch Times news Web site Evaluate the Chinese Communist Party Evaluate the Chinese Communist Party (abbreviated) falundafa (in English) ? (in English) Fozhan Qianshou Fa Guantong Liangji Fa In the Chinese Communist Party, common standards of humanity don’t exist Li Hongzhi lihongzhi (in English) Master Li ming hui (in English) Mother and daughter accused each other, and students and teachers became enemies New Tynasty TV Station Case Studies in Ethics 14 dukeethics. org Nine Commentaries No. evil cult in the world Obedient citizens under its brutal rule People become brutal in violence, Chinese Communist Party People developed a concept of the Chinese Communist Party, but People who could escape have escaped, and had people to seek refuge with Quit the party Run the opposite direction of the so-called ideals of Communism Shenzhou Jiachifa Spring Festival Gala of the World’s Chinese Steal people’s painstaking work Truth, Compassion, Tolerance Zhenshanren (in English) Overseas Web Sites, Publications and Dissident Groups Century China Foundation China Issues Forum China Renaissance Forum China Society Forum China Spring Chinese Current Affairs Chinese World Forum EastSouthWestNorth Forum EastWestSouthNorth Forum Forum of Wind, Rain and the Divine Land Freedom and Democracy Forum Freedom to Write Award Great China Forum Han Style Huatong Current Affairs Forum Huaxia Digest Huayue Current Affairs Forum Independent Chinese PEN Center J imaoxin Collection Justice Party Forum New Birth Web New Observer Forum North American Freedom Forum reminbao (In English) remingbao (In English) Small Reference Spring and Summer Forum Voice of the People Forum Worldwide Reader Forum You Say I Say Forum Zhengming Forum Case Studies in Ethics 15 dukeethics. org Zhidian Jiangshan Forum Zhongshan Wind and Rain Forum Taiwan Establish Taiwan Country Movement Organization Great President Chen Shui-bian Independent League of Taiwan Youth Independent Taiwan Association New Party Taiwan Freedom League Taiwan Political Discussion Zone Ethnic Minorities East Turkestan East Turkestan (abbreviated) Han-Hui con? cts Henan Zhongmu Hui rebellion Hui village Langcheng Gang Nancheng Gang Nanren Village Tibet independence Xinjiang independence Zhongmu County Tiananmen Square Memoirs of June 4 participants Redress June 4 Tiananmen videotape Tiananmen incident Tiananmen massacre Tiananmen generation World Economic Herald Censorship Cleaning and rectify ing Web sites China’s true content Internet commentator News blockade Case Studies in Ethics 16 dukeethics. org International Indonesia North Korea falls out with China Paris riots Tsunami Other Armageddon Bomb Bug Handmade pistol Nuclear bomb Wiretap Chinese People Tell the Truth Chinese People Justice and Evil China Social Progressive Party Chinese Truth Report Dazhong Zhenren Zhenshi Jingdongriji Night talk of the Forbidden City People’s Inside Information and Truth Case Studies in Ethics 17 dukeethics. org Appendix II: Proposal Number 558 Stockholder Proposal The Of? e of the Comptroller of New York City has advised us that it intends to submit the proposal set forth below for consideration at our annual meeting. It is the custodian and trustee of the New York City Employees’ Retirement System, the New York City Teachers’ Retirement System, the New York City Police Pension Fund, and the New York City Fire Department Pension Fund, and custodian of the New York City Board of Education Retirement System (the â€Å"Funds†), which bene? cially own 486,617 shares of Google’s Class A common stock. The proposal, along with the Funds’ supporting statement, is included verbatim below. The Funds’ request was submitted by Patrick Doherty, The City of New York Of? ce of the Comptroller, 1 Centre Street, New York, New York, 1007-2341.The Funds’ Stockholder Proposal Internet Censorship Whereas, freedom of speech and freedom of the press are fundamental human rights, and free use of the Internet is protected in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which guarantees freedom to â€Å"receive and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers†, and Whereas, the rapid provision of full and uncensored information through the Internet has become a major industry in the United States, and one of its major exports, and Whereas, political censorship of the Internet degrades the quality of that service and ultimately threatens the integrity and viability of the industry itself, both in the United States and abroad, and Whereas, some authoritarian foreign governments such as the Governments of Belarus, Burma, China, Cuba, Egypt, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam block, restrict, and monitor the information their citizens attempt to obtain, and Whereas, technology companies in the United States such as Google, that operate in countries controlled by authoritarian governments have an obligation to comply with the principles of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, and Whereas, technology companies in the United States have failed to develop adequate standards by which they can conduct business with authoritarian governments while protecting human rights to freedom of speech and freedom of expression, Therefore, be it resolved, that shareholders request that management institute policies to help protect freedom of access to the Internet which would include the following minimum standards: 1) Data that can identify individual users should not be hosted in Internet restricting countries, where political speech can be treated as a crime b y the legal system. 2) The company will not engage in pro-active censorship. 58 http://investor. google. com/pdf/2007_notice_n_proxy_statement. pdf. Pgs 30-31. Case Studies in Ethics 18 dukeethics. org 3) The company will use all legal means to resist demands for censorship.The company will only comply with such demands if required to do so through legally binding procedures. 4) Users will be clearly informed when the company has acceded to legally binding government requests to ? lter or otherwise censor content that the user is trying to access. 5) Users should be informed about the company’s data retention practices, and the ways in which their data is shared with third parties. 6) The company will document all cases where legally-binding censorship requests have been complied with, and that information will be publicly available. Required Vote Approval of the stockholder proposal requires the af? rmative â€Å"FOR† vote of a majority of the votes cast on the proposal.Unless marked to the contrary, proxies received will be voted â€Å"AGAINST† the stockholder proposal. Recommendation Our board of directors recommends a vote AGAINST the stockholder proposal. Case Studies in Ethics 19 dukeethics. org Appendix III: ChaCha and JingJing59 Cyber Police to Guard all Shenzhen Websites Shenzhen police plan to equip all Shenzhen Websites and electronic bulletin board systems with two virtual policemen icons on the main pages to maintain order in cyber space. People may click the two cartoon policemen to enter the cyber space (http://66110. qzone. qq. com, http://777110. qzone. qq. com ) of two virtual cops and ask questions about information safety. Real policemen will answer their questions immediately.Internet users may also learn information about the Internet laws and regulations and some typical Internet criminal cases from these two virtual policemen. â€Å"The two dummy policemen were made to remind Netizens the Internet is protected by the law. People should pay attention to their behavior when they are sur? ng on the Net,† a senior of? cial of the Shenzhen cyber police told China Youth Daily. 59 â€Å"Cyber Police to Guard All Shenzhen Websites†. Shanghai Daily. (January 5, 2006). Available from http://www. china. org. cn/english/government/154200. htm. Retrieved on November 6, 2007. Case Studies in Ethics 20 dukeethics. org Study Questions 1. Which factors best explain why Google was so successful in the ? rst place?Were any of these conditions for success put in jeopardy by the decision to launch Google. cn? 2. Was Google right to have entered the Chinese market the way it did? Did Google’s mission compel it to create Google. cn? What speci? c aspects of the mission does Google address in making its decision to enter? What other reasons could there have been for entering China? How do Google’s conclusions ? t with its motto, â€Å"Don’t be Evil†? 3. Where is the success of the Chinese censorship system? In other words, what makes their censorship system work so well? Where does Google ? t in to this system? Has Google worked to improve the situation? What more could it do? Case Studies in Ethics 21 dukeethics. org How to cite Business Ethics of Google in China, Papers

Approaches to Professional Nursing Practice †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Approaches to Professional Nursing Practice. Answer: Introduction One of the essential components of Professional Nursing Practice is Critical Reflection. The ability to reason logically is a quintessential skill of nursing personnel; hence the scholarship of critical reflection is imperative to transform nursing practice. This essay is a critical reflection on the case of elder abuse inquiry where an elderly man died at hospital after negligence of Gold Coast nursing home staff to adequately manage wounds. Later in the essay, the analysis has been done on the learning from critical reflection and an action plan has been made for the new knowledge needed. Body An elderly man named Mr Salir developed gangrene and far ahead died in hospital once his nursing personnel at a Gold Coast nursing home was unable to properly manage pressure wounds on the feet and buttocks of Mr Salir (Lewis, 2016). Afterwards his daughter-in-law Yvonne Selir registered a case to the Australian Law Reform Commission's inquiry into elder abuse, demanding for better standards of upkeep in nursing homes (Lewis, 2016). I felt very disturbed after reading this article and reflected upon how such negligence is possible even after nurses go through a rigorous training and curriculum where they are taught about maintaining a therapeutic and professional relationship with patients. I was further disturbed by the statement made by Mr Barnier that, Elder abuse is a thoughtful act of maltreating a resident/ patient either mentally, or physically, or financially (Lewis, 2016). The feeling of agitation led me to further analyse this incidence and reflect on it. Upon reflective an alysis, I felt that the negative aspect of this incidence from a patients perspective was that nurse failed to assess the patient comprehensively whereas standard 4 of NMBA standards clearly mentioned that a nurse should conduct a comprehensive and systematic assessment of the patient (NMBA, 2016). Further, the negative aspect of this incidence from a nurses perspective was that the majority of the nurses were not sufficiently trained in relation to wound care (Faria, Prado and Lima et al, 2016). However, the positive aspect of this incidence was that Ms Selir registered a case to the Australian Law Reform Commission's investigation into elder abuse, demanding for better standards of upkeep in nursing homes (Lewis, 2016). After reading this article I acknowledge that any negligence on the part of nursing care or failure to assess the patient comprehensively amounts to elder abuse and is the responsibility of community nurse (Andrews, 2017). The nurse should look for early signs of development of any complications or pressure injuries, and should refer the patient for specialised care well in time. I also learned that patient assessment should be holistic and proper referral should be made when required. Standard 4 of NMBA guidelines also recommend the same (NMBA, 2016). Standard 6 of NMBA also mandate timely direction and supervision and evidence-based nursing practice. The incidence will have a huge impact on my nursing practice as well as nursing as a discipline. The incidence has already called for higher standards of upkeep in nursing homes. Also it will guide in providing more comprehensive training to the nurses especially related to wound care. Thus it is vital for nursing as a profession to ad here to nursing standards and such an attitude should be build right from the time when students enter into educational institutes to get nursing education and training. Based on the Gibbs Reflective Cycle, an action plan must be prepared for the future, once you have described and analysed the situation (Jasper, 2003). Thus first of all I plan to learn and practice reflective thinking as a nursing student. I recommend that, Reflective thinking and Simulation satisfaction survey should be administered among undergraduate student nurses (Tutticci, Lewis, and Coyer, 2016). Second I want to orient my nursing education in line with NMBA standards for nursing practice (NMBA 2016). Nurses should conduct comprehensive assessment of patient and must look for any risk factors or any early signs of development of complications. Nurses should develop a plan for the nursing care of patient. Nurses should provide safe and quality care to the patient (NMBA 2016). I also want to learn proper nursing management of wounds. I want to sync my nursing abilities according to standard 8 of ACSQHS which is, Preventing and Managing Pressure Injuries (ACSQHS 2012). Thus I wa nt to make sure that such an incidence of nursing negligence should not happen to my nursing career. From this critical reflection, I plan some future actions to be taken to prevent such an error from occurring or recurring. First of all I will make sure that my organisation has governance structures and all the systems primed for the proper management and prevention of pressure wounds. Patients will be screened at the first place on presentation for any signs of pressure injuries. Clinical management will be done upon diagnosis. The management of pressure injuries will be done according to best practice guidelines (ACSQHS 2012). There should be increased specialisation in wound management in the healthcare organisation and nurses should be trained for timely and appropriate referral. The nurses should be educated regarding risk factors associated with pressure wounds and their prevention. Patients as well as carers will also be informed regarding risk factors of pressure injuries, their prevention and proper management with timely diagnosis and referral (ACSQHS 2012). The emphasis will be given on team-work where nursing staff will co-ordinate with physiotherapist and nutritionist towards prevention of pressure injuries during stay of patient in the healthcare organisation. Thus I plan comprehensive quality nursing care to be given to patients to prevent such an incident from recurring. Conclusion Thus elderly abuse incident of Mr Salir was very tragic incidence and a thoughtful reflection of the incidence has taught me that nursing care comes with several responsibilities. It is the responsibility of the nurse to comprehensively assess the patient, to look for any early signs of complications, and to seek timely specialised care as and when required. The training of nurses should meet quality standards and professionalism should be instilled in nursing students right from their undergraduation. References Andrews, J., (2017), Abuse of older people: the responsibilities of community nurses, British Journal of Community Nursing, 22(5), 224-5. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQHC), (2012), Safety and Quality Improvement Guide, Standard 8: Preventing and Managing Pressure Injuries (October 2012), Sydney: ACSQHC. Faria, GBG. de., Prado, TN. Do., Lima, EFA., Rogenski, NMB., Borghardt, AT., Massaroni, L., (2016), knowledge and practice of nurses on the care of wounds, J Nurs UFPE on line., Recife, 10(12), 4532-8. Jasper, M., (2003), Beginning Reflective Practice Foundations in Nursing and Health Care, Nelson Thornes: Cheltenham. Lewis, D., (2016), Elder abuse inquiry: Man dies in hospital after Gold Coast nursing home staff fail to properly treat wounds, ABC News, Available from, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-27/man-dies-after-nursing-home-staff-fail-to-properly-treat-wounds/7877820, Accessed 30 July 2017. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), (2016), Registered nurse standards for practice, Melbourne: Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. Tutticci, N., Lewis, P.A., and Coyer, F., (2016), Measuring third year undergraduate nursing students reflective thinking skills and critical reflection self-efficacy following high fidelity simulation: A pilot study, Nurse Education in Practice, 18, 52-59.

History of Manhattan Project in US

Free Essays on Human Factors In Heads Up Displays

HUMAN FACTORS IN HEADS UP DISPLAYS From the first Wright flight to today’s high performance aircraft there has been one common piece of hardware, the pilot and their unmatched human abilities. In today’s aircraft though, a huge influx of cockpit information coupled with the most crowded skies in aviation history it is not uncommon for aircraft to highlight the lapse of or lack of human ability. With this in mind aviation has begun an all out battle in combating the limiting human factors in aviation, while maximizing the beneficial human factors. The Heads Up Display or HUD is proving itself to be one of the prime time players. HUD’s have came along way from their maiden flights â€Å" in military applications back in WWII as illuminated gun and bomb sights†(Professional Pilot, Oct 1998, P. 82) to today’s sophisticated devices with holographic data displays. Heads Up Display’s are compromised of four major components. These components are a central computer, control unit, overhead projector and holographic combining lens, which together provide the pilot with an approximate 30-degree by 25-degree field of view. â€Å"HUD’s range from simple field of vision repeaters of flight instrument readouts† (Professional Pilot, Feb 1997, P. 60) to fully integrated full function HUD’s which display such information as TCAS and diversion path vectors. These user friendly pieces of equipment are all illuminated green to provide the maximum visual acuity at all levels of light all while allowing â€Å"unwanted symbols to be removed from view by an anti-clutter feature† (Interavia, Jan/Feb 1997,p.32). At the very least any type of modern day aircraft HUD can be used as a cross-reference for conventional heading devices and attitude indicators. 2. When visibility is poor, pilots are forced to rely on six different instruments that give data about speed, direction, how fast they’re ascending or descending and altitude. ... Free Essays on Human Factors In Heads Up Displays Free Essays on Human Factors In Heads Up Displays HUMAN FACTORS IN HEADS UP DISPLAYS From the first Wright flight to today’s high performance aircraft there has been one common piece of hardware, the pilot and their unmatched human abilities. In today’s aircraft though, a huge influx of cockpit information coupled with the most crowded skies in aviation history it is not uncommon for aircraft to highlight the lapse of or lack of human ability. With this in mind aviation has begun an all out battle in combating the limiting human factors in aviation, while maximizing the beneficial human factors. The Heads Up Display or HUD is proving itself to be one of the prime time players. HUD’s have came along way from their maiden flights â€Å" in military applications back in WWII as illuminated gun and bomb sights†(Professional Pilot, Oct 1998, P. 82) to today’s sophisticated devices with holographic data displays. Heads Up Display’s are compromised of four major components. These components are a central computer, control unit, overhead projector and holographic combining lens, which together provide the pilot with an approximate 30-degree by 25-degree field of view. â€Å"HUD’s range from simple field of vision repeaters of flight instrument readouts† (Professional Pilot, Feb 1997, P. 60) to fully integrated full function HUD’s which display such information as TCAS and diversion path vectors. These user friendly pieces of equipment are all illuminated green to provide the maximum visual acuity at all levels of light all while allowing â€Å"unwanted symbols to be removed from view by an anti-clutter feature† (Interavia, Jan/Feb 1997,p.32). At the very least any type of modern day aircraft HUD can be used as a cross-reference for conventional heading devices and attitude indicators. When visibility is poor, pilots are forced to rely on six different instruments that give data about speed, direction, how fast they’re ascending or descending and altitude. The a... Free Essays on Human Factors in Heads Up Displays HUMAN FACTORS IN HEADS UP DISPLAYS From the first Wright flight to today’s high performance aircraft there has been one common piece of hardware, the pilot and their unmatched human abilities. In today’s aircraft though, a huge influx of cockpit information coupled with the most crowded skies in aviation history it is not uncommon for aircraft to highlight the lapse of or lack of human ability. With this in mind aviation has begun an all out battle in combating the limiting human factors in aviation, while maximizing the beneficial human factors. The Heads Up Display or HUD is proving itself to be one of the prime time players. HUD’s have came along way from their maiden flights â€Å" in military applications back in WWII as illuminated gun and bomb sights†(Professional Pilot, Oct 1998, P. 82) to today’s sophisticated devices with holographic data displays. Heads Up Display’s are compromised of four major components. These components are a central computer, control unit, overhead projector and holographic combining lens, which together provide the pilot with an approximate 30-degree by 25-degree field of view. â€Å"HUD’s range from simple field of vision repeaters of flight instrument readouts† (Professional Pilot, Feb 1997, P. 60) to fully integrated full function HUD’s which display such information as TCAS and diversion path vectors. These user friendly pieces of equipment are all illuminated green to provide the maximum visual acuity at all levels of light all while allowing â€Å"unwanted symbols to be removed from view by an anti-clutter feature† (Interavia, Jan/Feb 1997,p.32). At the very least any type of modern day aircraft HUD can be used as a cross-reference for conventional heading devices and attitude indicators. 2. When visibility is poor, pilots are forced to rely on six different instruments that give data about speed, direction, how fast they’re ascending or descending and altitude. ...

New policy on Criminal Justice, Homeland Security and International Essay

New policy on Criminal Justice, Homeland Security and International Relations - Essay Example Since 9/11 there have been many other incidents of terrorism in large metro areas, such as the London bombings of a few years ago, the more recent coordinated bombings in Egyptian hotels, the latest attacks in Afghanistan, etc., so thinking that a certain area is inherently safe is passe. This is an understandable response to an uncertain future, but it also means that national and world long-term threats often get ignored or are even made worse by myopic decisions; in everyday life, real accountable and responsible people look out for the long-term perspective despite the limiting needs of the present. Policy must concentrate on defining the community and potential disasters, the plan for the US is highlighted in terms of identifying threats so they can be stopped before disaster strikes, or managed once it strikes. Part of the plan gauging the level of disaster preparedness in the US is important. The plan of the policy I propose is to follow mandatory evacuation orders as a citizen and meet at the nearest Red Cross shelter to the community that is in question. More information about this community includes its name and address. There are instructions to meet there, and there are escape routes and evacuation routes which are posted and that people should know and follow as a mandatory evacuation. The plan also involves surveillance to catch the perpetrators while the citizens are being evacuated. Plans and policies like these are needed following the London attacks along the lines of aggressive forward progress against the international war on terror, a situation which has been ignored in the past to deleterious consequences by the media as well. That is, after the attacks on Washington and New York, the European community was similarly galvanized before being slightly put off, to say the least, by the US’s ensuing behavior and absolutist rhetoric, which not even a totally loyal media could spin, not to mention his dismissal of U.N. authority on

Wealth and Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wealth and Inequality - Essay Example Racial, ethnic, religious and professional rivalries and jealousies have augmented class discrimination, and haves and haves-not observe enormous gulf between them. Hence, taking apposite measures immediately for the eradication of continuously increasing socioeconomic abyss appears to be the need of the hour, which could be performed by including the suppressed and oppressed stratum of society in nation-building programs, so that the society could be protected from becoming the prey to the severe anguish, hatred and bloodshed among the citizens for the future years to come. Before the French revolution, ninety-nine percent of the French population died of hunger and starvation, while remaining one expired due to over digestion. (Mahajan, 2002: 21) Thus, the authorities should move swiftly in order to introduce and implement socioeconomic schemes for the uplift of the poor and down-trodden masses in order to avoid the revolution the world has already observed in the form of French Re volution 1789, Iranian Revolution of 1979, and several other rebellions and revolts. The Paper Wealth serves as one of the most significant social phenomena, which helps the people get involved into the odds and ends of life by purchasing the commodities of their needs and choice, as well as by selling different commodities or offering their services against the wealth in order to keep the wolf from the door on the one hand, and for leading a comfortable and respectable life in society on the other. Since every human is directly or indirectly connected with financial activities, and strives in pursuit of earning more and more money and pecuniary gains, wealth has always been of vital importance in everyday individual and collective life. All that is because of the very reality that wealth decides and determines the status and position of individuals in a social hierarchy; it is therefore people seek professional education and learn technical skills, on the basis of which they work f rom dawn to dusk in various occupations in order to make both ends meet. However, they do not obtain the same amount of wealth according to the proportion of the efforts they make. Wealth is distributed less equally than labor income, total money income or consumption expenditure. While Gina coefficients in developed countries typically range between about 0.3 and 0.4 for income, they vary from about 0.5 to 0.9 for wealth. (Davies & Shamrocks, 1998) Thus, distribution of wealth, resources and opportunities has always been unjust, unequal and unfair since the known history of the social establishment. Inequality of wealth and opportunities is not confined to developing countries only. On the contrary, the developed western states are also undergoing the same problem within their social establishment. Both income inequality and the poverty headcount have risen over the past two decades. The increase is fairly widespread, affecting two-thirds of all countries. Income inequality has ris en significantly since 2000 in Canada, Germany, Norway, the United States, Italy, and Finland, and declined in the United Kingdom, Mexico, Greece and Australia. (OECD, 2008) Taking the example of the US society, it becomes crystal clear that on the one side, the wealthiest business tycoons and entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Sergey Brin, Larry Page, Sheldon Adelson and others are leading the affluent and luxurious life, and on the other side, one sixth of the total population is living under the UN determined poverty line. Not only this that all social classes have their valuable

Technology as Fast and Slow Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Technology as Fast and Slow Knowledge - Essay Example On the one hand, he is right to say that technology ruined the environment because of overproduction and industrialization. On the other hand, he does not consider how technology can also help promote ecological interests by developing slow knowledge. This paper argues that although technology has produced harmful effects on ecology, it can also be used in studying and resolving environmental problems through providing fast and slow knowledge. As stated above, Spayde contends that a gap exists between what people have (technology) and their capabilities in properly using it (ethics or moral development). Spayde argues that slow knowledge that is based on â€Å"ecological and cultural context† is better than â€Å"fast knowledge† that â€Å"zips through the terminals of information society† (68). He proves this by saying that fast knowledge provides technology, but this technology has no sense of morality and collectiveness. He also differentiates hard facts from having the slow knowledge or ethics in properly using facts. ... This essay will prove that these contentions on the balanced outlook on fast and slow knowledge and the importance of technology in ecology are correct through evidence and logic. Technology, especially through computing, has significantly helped the development of the study of ecology. In Chapter 24: Roles of Technology in Ecology, Klomp, Green, and Fry explore the role of technology in advancing environmental interests. They stress that computing technology has expanded the spatial reach of ecological studies through the use of remote sensing and related methods. They underscore that computers have eased the use of large data sets and sophisticated statistical packages and also enabled access to and accumulation of national and global data sets. Klomp, Green, and Fry add that using computer-generated models help simulate environmental events, can offer a greater understanding of ecosystems, and enhance predictive powers to conservation and land managers. Hence, technology can also be used as a tool in addressing environmental problems. Technology does not only produce fast knowledge, like what Spayde contents, because its fast knowledge can also be used to produce slow knowledge. Computer modeling, for instance, has affected ecological theory. Klomp, Green, and Fry explain that ecosystem connectivity is an illustration of a complex ecological problem that computer modeling has handled with substantial success. They underscore that computers have enabled simulations of experiments that real time or space would not otherwise permit. This fast knowledge produced slow knowledge that allowed the development of landscape ecology. Klomp, Green, and Fry argue that computer simulation of this complexity has helped ecologists to better

Cultural And Structural Theories

Cultural And Structural Theories Defining health has always been relative; sometimes it is defined in terms of good health (feeling fit), bad health (free from pain and discomfort), and in terms of rang of task an individual is able to perform (functional). However, WHO (1948) Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. The medical dictionary define illness as disease of body or mind; poor health; sickness. Culture is the way of life of a group of people, society or community, it consist of beliefs, behavior, values, norms, customs, language, institutions etc common to the members of the group, society or community. Culture can influence the definition of health and illness. Cultural approach explains that health differences can best be understood in terms of our way of life as society and as an individual and on the social class in which we find ourselves, the lower the social class the worse the health issues. Cultural approach is of the opinion that poor health is due to our diet, habits life style. In some non western culture, a big person is seen as healthy and the slim person is seen as ill, and is encouraged to eat more, where as in the western world, been fat is seen as a death warrant. Some cultures do not believe in going to the doctors when they are ill, they rather use a local remedy. Cultural approach completely blame the individual for his /her health problems because they do not follow a healthy life style, the black report (1980) also accepted this explanation, but acknowledged the fact that even does that lead a healthy life, still suffer from same ill health as those that does the opposite e.g. non smokers at the risk of lung cancer. The report suggested that differences in social class factors only account for 25% of social class inequities in health and illness. More so, the structural approach, accepts the behavioral explanation to health differences, but claims that the behavioral approach fail to look at the broader context of inequality. Thus, poor health is as a result of the working condition to which some people have no choice but to be subjected to given the present income distribution and access to opportunity. In explaining the structural approach, the Marxist perspective of health and illness will be analyzed. The key assertion of Marxist is the relation of production (structure of the society) which brought about division of labor, which in turn reflect in the derivation of social classes. Marxist believes that health outcomes for any society are influenced by the economy system in two ways; Level of production: industrial diseases and injuries, stress- related illness, environment pollution, processed food, chemical additives. Income distribution: standard of living is measured by wealth and income-living condition, access to health care, diet, educational opportunities, and recreational opportunities. The black report (1980) also agrees with this view, as finding continues to show that adverse social condition is significant to the social pattering of health and illness in the society. Task 2 EVALUATION OF THE EVIDENCE OF REGIONAL VARIATIONS AND INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS This essay will be outlining and evaluating the evidence of variation in health and illness. To evaluate these issues two material evidences from the Guardian News paper will be analysed. The first is LOCAL INEQUALITIES MARK MAP OF WELLBEING (24/09/2008) will be referred as APPENDIX A. This essay will also evaluate sociological explanations for health inequalities such as cultural, structural, functional perspectives. Reports produced by the government and independent research will be applied in evaluating these regional variations. Appendix A covered the disparities in the health and behaviour of people in different parts of England. The findings made by the report regarding health disparities are: Women in Blackpool are 8 times more likely to smokes during pregnancy than women from Richmond upon Thames. Average 5year old in Blackburn suffers 7 times more tooth decay than 5year olds in Lichfield and Staffordshire. Teenage pregnancy rate in Lambeth south London is more than 6 times that of Rutland. Obesity rate among children starting school in Hackney, east London is 3 time the rate in Teedale. The research was done using 30 key indicators, of which none was mentioned in the report. The report agreed that despite government effort to eradicate health inequalities, the gap in health between the social classes in society keep increasing. The report agrees with the structural perspective, which blames health inequalities on the economy system (capitalist state) of the society, as captured in paragraph 5 lines 4-6, addressing the issue of child poverty the tax system. This can be backed by the finding of the Black report (1980) which opined that health standard is directly linked to social class and social economics factors such as poor housing, education, income and environment. The findings in Appendix A, was published and distributed to every local councils in the UK, so health worker in every region can devise solution to curbing their respective health issues. Finding made by the report (APPENDIX A) regarding behaviour cannot be explained entirely by relative poverty. The findings on behaviour are: Lambeth despite having the worst teenage pregnancy problem in England, it also has the best figure for breastfeeding. More than 90% of mothers breastfeed in Lambeth compared to 33% in Knowsley, Merseyside. Malvern Hills, west Devon and south Shropshire, almost all children of school age engage with at least two hours of high quality PE /school sport a week compared to only 2/3 of children in Newcastle-under Lyme and Surrey Heath. Kensington and Chelsea has the highest life expectancy, for both man and women compared to Manchester and Liverpool, they eat the highest proportion of fruit and vegetables and the lowest rate of premature death rate caused by cancer. But was in the bottom 10 in England for problems relating to substance abuse among people aged 15 to 64. The above findings can be related to the cultural approach, which lay emphasis on the cultural choices of the individual / group such as; life style, diet, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. And partly in relation to the structural approach, for Lambeth, there was increase of awareness on the importance of breastfeeding, for Malvern Hills, there is also the increase of awareness of the importance of exercise as for Kensington and Chelsea abuse of substance might be due to life style and mostly because they are wealthy. Task 3 MOST SIGNIFICANT FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HEALTH AND ILLNESS IN A COMMUNITY Many factors influence health and general well being of a community. These range from individual factors, such as generic make up, age, gender and lifestyle, socio-economic, cultural and environment factors. Despite the above factors, the once that are most significant influence on a community health and well being are referred to as the wider determinant of health. These are educational attainment, employment status, housing and the environment. Because these wider determinants interact with other factors it is difficult to evaluate the respective contribution of each determinant to eventual health outcomes. Educational Attainment: From various perspective of sociology and the finding of the Black report (1980), it is evidence that educational attainment plays an important part in the overall well being of the society. According to the Black report (1980), while, the general health of the nation had improved, theses improvements have not been equal across all the various social classes. And the gap between the lower and higher social levels continue to widen. The report on Appendix A also highlighted this difference, when Knowsley borough found it difficult to educate mothers to on the importance of breastfeeding (paragraph 17). The situation in Knowsley can also be interpreted as a cultural trend within the women. Employment Status: Cultural approach opined that those in social class four and five eat less nutritious diet than those in social class one and two, structural argues however, that, due to income inequality, those in lower classes cannot enjoy the lifestyle of the rich in society and suffer more illness as a result of their job. Appendix B indicates that unemployment brings about poverty and social exclusion. It also shows that Barnet borough unemployment rate increased from 68.7% in 2006 to 71.2% in 2007, but remained below England average. Task 4 BALANCING HEALTH AND ILLNESS IN A COMMUNITY Keeping the community well: Prevention they say is better than cure. Unhealthy habits are passed on from generation as indicated in Appendix A, paragraph 7, lines 4-5. Barnet council plans to support their community to live a healthy lifestyle, to stop them from getting avoidable Health workers in the various county/ boroughs should work in preventing the particular health problems of their local population as indicated in Appendix A paragraph 3. Government should embark, on health plans that are long term.

Character Analysis of Elisa Allen in The Chrysanthemums by Steinbeck Es

Many readers who analyze Steinbeck's short story, "The Chrysanthemums", feel Elisa's flowers represent her repressed sexuality, and her anger and resentment towards men. Some even push the symbolism of the flowers, and Elisa's masculine actions, to suggest she is unable to establish a true relationship between herself and another. Her masculine traits and her chrysanthemums are enough to fulfill her entirely. This essay will discuss an opposing viewpoint. Instead, it will argue that Elisa's chrysanthemums, and her masculine qualities are natural manifestations of a male dominated world. Pertinent examples from "The Chrysanthemums" will be given in an attempt to illustrate that Elisa's character qualities, and gardening skills, are the survival traits she's adopted in order to survive, and keep her femininity and vulnerability in a man's world. The first evidence that supports this conclusion is the behavior which occurs between Elisa and her husband, Henry. There is a "deeply rooted dysfunction between Henry and Elisa, [which is] a lack of real communication" (Palmerino, 1). They are "successful" farmers, but it is Henry who tends the economic production. The opening sets up a character contrast which runs throughout the piece by showing Henry selling thirty head of beef, while Elisa grows "beautiful" chrysanthemums. The contrast is that of the differences between a masculine and a feminine perspective of each other. This shows a limiting of Elisa from a man's point-of-view. Henry tells Elisa that she has a way with growing things, but he feels she is only contributing in an aesthetic way. In other words, Elisa is made to feel that her contribution isn't as worthy as a man's even though the insult is hidden ... ... real love, she may be able to find fulfillment in her flowers more than she ever has. They can be released into the male world and survive, beautiful and strong, though fragile, just as she has. The chrysanthemums are not Elisa's frustration, they are her hope in a world she sees without hope. Therefore, when the tinker simply drops the flowers on the side of the road, the symbolic weight of the chrysanthemums must be considered. Higdon states that "the crucial question remains whether or not Elisa has been destroyed" (Higdon, 668). The reader can see how the flowers represent mostly a positive symbol of growth and life. Elisa may not have anywhere to turn for real understanding, since men are not able to explore her inner-qualities, but it is better that she grows flowers than shutting off her own emotions and feelings and using others like the men around her.

The Cost Advantage And Differentiation Advantage Commerce Essay

With the aid of company ‘s resources and the full capablenesss a company can make these distinction scheme and cost scheme for accomplishing the competitory advantage. It is of import for the house to make up one's mind on choosing a peculiar scheme that should the house focal point on distinguishing the merchandise or should the house attempt to follow the cost scheme, it wholly depends on the company and the type of company it is. Achieving both the cost and distinction advantage helps the company to accomplish positional advantage which mean that the company is a leader in its ‘ industry.    R? µsourc? µs D-st-nct-v? µ Comp? µt? µnc-? µs Cost dv & A ; deg ; nt & A ; deg ; g? µ or D-ff? µr? µnt- & A ; deg ; t-on dv & A ; deg ; nt & A ; deg ; g? µ V & A ; deg ; lu? µ Cr? µ & A ; deg ; t-on C & A ; deg ; p & A ; deg ; b-l-t-? µs       Forming the market scheme When explicating the existent selling scheme the company really formulates its scheme in many different ways but the astonishing portion is that all of the ways includes dimension. The degree at which the investing should be included or turn a concern Focus on the merchandise or better the service market where the company has to vie Improvement of the merchandise line, positioning the merchandise, or concentrating on the pricing determination or execution of the distribution schemes which are needed to accomplish competitory advantage. Skills needed or the assets to implement the scheme and accomplish competitory advantage. The company where situated, in the long term to be a leader in the market the best manner to accomplish leading is by making the nucleus competences. The betterments in engineerings are doing the domestic trade and the international trade more competitory. Harmonizing to Kotlar, 2004 a company can outdo set up a scheme by understanding globalization and analyze it to explicate schemes. All the factors such as globalization and engineerings are all interconnected. It is because of engineering that there are huge sum of communicating taking topographic point which helps companies to happen other companies where they can make concern. In these ways competition around the universe is increasing and therefore the companies need to explicate schemes which will impact the company in positive and assist the company to be a leader in their industry. Economicss of graduated table Achieving economic sciences of graduated table is really of import for a company because it is related to the cost that is needed to bring forth a peculiar merchandise or services. There are two types of schemes that a company can implement and which can be allowed by lone economic sciences of graduated table. These two schemes are low cost scheme and market pricing scheme. In the low cost scheme the company reduces the merchandise or services doing cost which helps them ear more net income by giving the merchandise to the client at a lower cost for which the company enjoys the economic sciences of graduated table which leads them to accomplish competitory advantage. In the low cost scheme all the company have to make is to maintain the fixed cost of the merchandise or services unchanged and cut down the variable cost which is possible for the administration if they have adequate assets and good direction to command the cost of their services. The other scheme for the company through economic sciences of graduated table would be to maintain the monetary value which is set by the market but cut down the cost of bring forthing the services for which the company will hold cut down the variable cost. After cut downing the variable cost the company the company can bear down the merchandise at the market monetary value but gaining more net income than the other companies. This is why economic sciences of graduated table is needed for a company to accomplish. Value concatenation To make more offers for the consumers a company besides needs to concentrate on the value concatenation which will intern offer clients more expeditiously and assist to company to use the cost more efficaciously. This will ensue for the company to supply services in much more inexpensive manner or at a lower cost which will distinguish the merchandise from that of the rivals. Harmonizing to Rajnandan ( 2007 ) claims that concentrating on the value concatenation does non intend merely seeking it or merely to add value ; it besides means adding values such as betterment of the substructure of the company, engineerings and other critical functions which helps the company to accomplish the competitory advantage. When a company needs to make up one's mind on outsourcing so value concatenation is needed. . ( Porter, 1999 ) Harmonizing to Lancaster, 2002, it is necessary for a company to concentrate on the rival ‘s scheme, how the other companies in the same industry are carry oning or implementing their scheme. This allows the company to roll up information which will take to pass on the competitory variables. All the variables may include how the other company works in footings of viing with their challengers and it will assist the company who is conveying the study will hold the cognition of how the other company is working. After holding the information on the other company, the company can analyze and implement a much more different scheme which will assist them to accomplish competitory advantage via communicating effectivity. Both the upstream and the downstream providers are connected to the value concatenation which consequences in an addition in the value concatenation and it is known as value system. Concentrating on value system is really of import and a company should non merely concentrate on the value concatenation which will do company accomplish more competitory advantage. This is necessary because for the consequence of globalization and the promotion in the engineerings, deregulating led to the addition in competition. In this consequence the administration had to cut cost but first of all the best manner to vie is to concentrate on the value watercourse. ( Kiichiro Fukasaku, 2007 ) Focus on the market For the administrations that are wholly marketing oriented, who can be merchandise or service based or net income or non net income based has to concentrate on the client satisfaction and fulfill their demands and wants. Harmonizing to Lancaster, 2002 the chief key to concentrate and accomplish the administration end expeditiously and efficaciously in the instance of the selling concept the best manner is by wholly being client oriented, being focused on the profitableness and besides co-ordinate selling. To convey this market scheme it is of import for the company to implement a market research through which the company will acquire to cognize the best manner to be competitory and increase net income. Market research is simple an analysis of the entire market of a peculiar industry where there are model-building and facts which will assist the company to do peculiar determination which will intern assist the company to accomplish administration ends efficaciously ( Kotler, 1999 ) . To back up the schemes that are implemented by the companies, the scheme capablenesss are needed. To prolong the competitory advantage the strategic capablenesss are besides needed, some of the links that are needed as a tool and patterns of accomplishing competitory scheme are given below. ( Susman, 1992 ) Figure: The nexus between design tools and patterns and competitory scheme The company needs to larn both its ‘ external and internal environment and this is the manner how the company will hold the ability to entree and capture the information. All this processes can be easy simplified which may be merely done minimising the complexness of information while roll uping and treating them. Through this the company will be able to larn the purchasing behavior of the seller and the client and how the clients behave while buying a peculiar merchandise or services. Both the clients and the sellers get full satisfaction after implementing the study and entree the information, because now the client will be provided with better services and merchandises and at the same the the seller will able to gain more net incomes. ( Lancaster, 2002 ) Awareness KNOWLEDGE Liking Preference Conviction Purchase Figure: The Innovation/Adoption theoretical account ( Lancaster 2002 ) The schemes which are implemented by the companies can be looked at as wide visions which may dwell of consistent constellation of activities are taken by the competitory advantage. The model of competitory advantage may assist the company to supply with some of the tools that may be used to ticket and look at the drivers of the cost and the place of the cost that the company is in. The model besides helps the company to acquire the strategically section the market in an industry. ( Porter, 1998 ) E-Trading These yearss about everyone in the developed and the developing states trusts and have full entree to computing machines for which E-Trading has increased. It is non merely making concern with the clients merely but it besides involves making concern with the other concern. It may be making concern with the providers or making concern with the direct Sellerss or the retail mercantile establishment via cyberspace. This occurred because of the engineering promotion, globalization and the huge usage of cyberspace. The tendency is ever of latest manner when the company have to travel with the tendencies and the latest manner for the company to cover with certain alterations so the company must non keep back. For a company the best option would be to follow up the tendency and convey in alterations for which the companies have to put in all the recent engineerings and develop the company ‘s proficient substructure. This will let the company to cover with the client online and do con cern online and there are many advantages when companies get involved in E trading. It is said that E trading is the fastest and the quickest manner to buy goods from the providers and sell the goods to the clients. These twenty-four hours all the established Bankss have the option for doing dealing through cyberspace hence if a company have Tocopherol trading option so the company can do easy and safe minutess with the Bankss with really small mistakes because the security of online banking is really rigorous but quicker. ( Balthasar, 2010 ) Changing Nature of Consumer Behaviour The clients are the 1s who want to take control of accepting the service that are given by any fiscal establishment. This is because all the clients are smart and the get all the information about which bank or establishment is giving the best offers to the client through the promotion of media and other intelligence documents. Therefore the clients will merely be interested in those Bankss and establishments from which clients will acquire the best services and single demands and satisfaction. ( CMA Management, 2006 ) All the Bankss who want to go celebrated and achieve market leading so the Bankss have to concentrate on the client ‘s wants and demands. By concentrating on the client needs the Bankss should plan and make schemes which will assist the bank to command the clients. For farther hereafter success of the bank, the bank needs to take advanced attacks which will alter the concern design, work force direction and IT. ( Sunny Banerjea, 2009 ) The services clients look for largely is how secure is the security of their money, the demand of protagonism, and stabilization of the control of banking relationships. In this decennary for the promotion in invention and engineerings there are great Numberss of variegations in the concern. In this epoch the Bankss are the 1s who are prosecuting more into the investing, underwriting of securities, prosecuting in insurance concern and portfolio direction. For this the Bankss have to ever remain equipped and when the client looks in to Bankss side concern they start experiencing more safer and salvage tier money into the that bank. Data Management Since this is the epoch of engineering and latest invention the Bankss has to be updated continuously and all the informations should be stored carefully when shifted from one engineering to the other. All the informations should ever be incorporated right through sellers which allows the bank to maintain the right information and the informations related to the client, their histories, client balance, day-to-day dealing of many clients and the bank ‘s personal informations which are related to bank ‘s concern. Harmonizing to Wall Street Arrow Market Insights, 2009 claimed that the more sophisticated the data direction substructure is at that place the more hard it is for the bank to command them. Therefore the Bankss have to do certain that their system which manages that informations are non excessively sophisticated or excessively simple, it has to be a standard one. Economic Convulsion Due to the economic catastrophe the assurance of the bank was lost because the menaces the full bank faced because of the recession was still acquiring deeper instead than demoing any betterment. Some the Bankss were backed by the authoritiess but the others had to go forth the baking concern or sell the concern to some other party who had the power to salvage certain Bankss. The consequence of crisis is easy diminishing but the companies who survived are seeking their best to retrieve every bit fast as possible for which the Bankss are became more competitory and competition between Bankss has increased. There are monolithic competitions in the market and the company has to believe first analyse the market and the rivals so use a suited scheme. In this manner the Bankss that are in debt can acquire out off debt and earn net income. All the schemes that were discussed supra are really of import for the Bankss to follow so that the Bankss can come out of the job that was caused by the economic catastrophe.